You can add as many custom palettes as you like to your Preferences.tps file, each with as many colors as you want.
For example, you can create a custom categorical palette that matches your company's brand. You can also create and use your own custom color palettes by modifying the Preferences.tps file that comes with Tableau Desktop. Tableau Desktop comes with color palettes that have been carefully designed to work well together and effectively apply color to data in many situations, such as on maps, heat maps, bar charts, etc.